The protective effect of febuxostat in a rotenone mouse model of Parkinson’s disease: the interplay between PI3K/Akt/mTOR, GSK-3β, and Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathways

This study revealed that febuxostat provides neuroprotective benefits in a rotenone-induced PD model in mice. These beneficial effects are likely due to inhibition of oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. Additionally, the observed antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effects of febuxostat may be related to its ability to activate PI3K/Akt/mTOR cascade, diminish p-GSK-3β expression, and up-regulate Nrf2/HO-1 signaling.