Phytohemical Profiling, Bioactivity and Toxicity Evaluation of Elsholtzia cypriani, a Potential Multifunctional Natural Feed Additive

The overuse of antibiotics in animal husbandry is a primary driver of antimicrobial resistance, creating a pressing need for safe and effective natural alternatives. This study systematically evaluated the potential of the edible aromatic plant <i>Elsholtzia cypriani</i> as a comprehensive alternative by investigating its chemical composition, bioactivities, and preliminary safety. Methods included solvent extraction and systematic chromatographic fractionation from the plant aerial parts, complemented by a series of in vitro assays assessing anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties, along with an acute toxicity study. A total of thirty compounds were isolated and their structures were elucidated, including two new and twenty-eight known compounds reported for the first time in this species. Key isolates, such as ethyl caffeate and luteolin, demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory activity, antioxidant capacity, and antibacterial action against pathogens like <i>Escherichia coli</i>. Acute toxicity assessment revealed no adverse effects at the tested dosage. In conclusion, <i>E. cypriani</i> is rich in diverse bioactive compounds which exhibit direct antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities in vitro, and shows a favorable preliminary safety profile. This work systematically establishes the chemical and pharmacological basis for this plant, highlighting its potential for further development and evaluation as a multifunctional natural feed additive.