Ultra-Processed Food Consumption, Additive Co-occurrence, and Associated Risk Factors Among University Students in Peru

<ns7:p>Background The rising consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPFs) is a global concern, given their poor nutritional quality and the presence of multiple additives that may pose health risks when consumed in excess. Young populations are particularly vulnerable due to lifestyle habits and the widespread availability and accessibility of these products. The present study aimed to assess the consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPFs), taking into account the co-occurrence of additives and their association with risk factors in a young population. Methods A two-phase cross-sectional study was conducted. In the first phase, 500 ultra-processed food products available on the Peruvian market were analysed and classified into five groups: meat products, cereals, confectionery, dairy, and beverages, in order to identify the presence and frequency of additives. In the second phase, a structured survey was administered to 385 students, collecting data on UPF consumption over the previous 24 hours, along with variables related to lifestyle. Chi-square tests and ordinal logistic regression were used to analyse the associations. Results The categories with the highest levels of consumption were carbonated beverages (59.6%), meat products (54.7%), and dairy in various forms (66.3%). A high frequency of co-occurrence was identified between colourings and acidulants, particularly INS 133, INS 150d, and INS 339i. Statistical analysis revealed a significant association between UPF consumption and male sex (OR = 1.603), as well as alcohol consumption (OR = 2.059), while age showed an inverse relationship (OR = 0.756). Other variables, such as physical activity and smoking, did not demonstrate a significant association. Conclusion It is concluded that excessive UPF consumption varies according to age and sex and represents a continuous source of exposure to food additives. In addition, a statistically significant association was observed between UPF consumption and alcohol consumption, which may indicate a relationship of relevance from a public health perspective; however, a causal relationship cannot be established.</ns7:p>