Mapping inequities in safe water access: a spatial and geographically weighted regression analysis of unimproved water source use in sub-Saharan Africa

Unimproved water use remains widespread and spatially concentrated across sub-Saharan Africa. The determinants identified by GWR poverty, rural residence, limited infrastructure access, and low household media exposure highlight critical inequities driving this burden. Addressing these disparities requires localized, data-driven WASH planning that prioritizes hotspot regions, expands access to affordable improved water systems, strengthens electricity and media outreach infrastructure, and supports vulnerable households. Implementing these targeted and multi-sectoral strategies is essential for accelerating equitable progress toward SDG 6 and improving public health resilience across the region.