Gypsum in the 21st century: multifaceted applications and emerging opportunities

Gypsum has evolved into a material of critical significance across a diverse array of modern industries. This review explores the expanding landscape of gypsum applications in the twenty-first century, beginning with an overview of its physicochemical properties, such as fire resistance, acoustic insulation, and compatibility with additives that underpin its versatile utility. In the construction sector, the material has undergone considerable innovation through the integration of Phase Change Materials (PCMs) into gypsum plasterboards for thermal regulation and sustainability, as well as increased efforts in recycling and closed-loop systems supported by Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) frameworks. Beyond traditional domains, novel research has focused on reinforcing gypsum composites with agricultural fibers (e.g., straw, hemp, and sisal) and polymers to improve mechanical strength, thermal conductivity, and ecological footprint. Additionally, the review highlights emerging biomedical applications, including gypsum-based surgical splints and scaffolds, underscoring its potential in healthcare. Drawing from recent advances and sustainability trends, this paper provides a comprehensive outlook on the transformative role of gypsum and identifies promising directions for future research and industrial practice.