Emerging trends and advances in exoelectrogenic microbes as drivers of microbial fuel cells

The pursuit of sustainable green technologies to reduce emissions has positioned microbial fuel cells (MFCs) as a promising solution. The operation of MFCs depends on biocatalytic drivers, often called the “engines” of the system. This review highlights the significance of exoelectrogenic microbes for achieving high-performance MFCs. Investigating their roles in both consortia and pure cultures, as well as the molecular mechanisms underlying electron transfer and biofilm activity, is essential for optimizing power production. This review discusses established exoelectrogens, such as Shewanella sp., Geobacter sp., and Pseudomonas sp., and highlights emerging strains, focusing on their behaviour within MFC systems. It also describes electrochemical characterization, molecular and microscopic techniques, and advanced omics-based approaches for studying the genes and proteins involved in electron transfer from the extracellular surface to the electrode. Thus, Improved understanding has enabled the modification of microbial properties through genetic and biofilm engineering, selective enrichment, and consortium optimization using artificial intelligence and machine learning models. Collaborative progress in material design, microbial strain development, and technological integration may enable future MFCs to store and supply power to devices in real-time.