Demographic, Clinical, and Duplex Ultrasound Characteristics of Chronic Venous Disease in Northern Iran.

<h2>Abstract</h2><h3>Background</h3> Chronic venous disease (CVD) is a progressive vascular disorder with substantial clinical and socioeconomic consequences. Despite its high global prevalence, data from Middle Eastern populations, particularly northern Iran are limited. This study consolidates two large institutional studies to provide the most extensive dataset to date on CVD characteristics in this region. <h3>Methods</h3> In this retrospective cross-sectional study, demographic and clinical characteristics of 585 adults diagnosed with CVD (CEAP ≥ C2) between 2018 and 2023 at the principal vascular referral center of Golestan Province were extracted from medical records. These in addition to duplex findings were recorded in dedicated datasheets. Statistical evaluations included descriptive summaries, chi-square tests, and multivariate logistic regression. All patients were referred to the vascular clinic with the presumed diagnosis of chronic venous disease and confirmed with a vascular surgery consultation and duplex ultrasound. <h3>Results</h3> The mean age was 48.9 ± 12.9 years; 70.3% were women. Obesity (40.7%), prolonged standing occupations (57.1%), and positive family history (42.4%) were prevalent. CEAP distribution showed C2 (49.2%) and C3 (32.8%) as the most common classes, while 18% were classified as C4–C6. Duplex scanning demonstrated a predominance of superficial venous reflux: great saphenous vein (88.2%), small saphenous vein (34.2%), perforators (42.9%), with deep venous reflux observed in 9.6%. Obesity, female sex, and prolonged standing were independent predictors of advanced disease. <h3>Conclusion</h3> CVD in northern Iran is characterized by younger onset, high female predominance, and extensive superficial venous disease. These findings underscore the need for targeted interventions focusing on modifiable risk factors and early duplex evaluation.