Farmers’ willingness to pay for organic fertilisers from Black Soldiers Fly Larvae frass in Malawi

The rising cost of chemical fertilizers and the environmental degradation worsened by climate change threaten food security and the sustainability of food production systems. In response, organic fertilizers are gaining increased attention for their dual role in supplying essential plant nutrients and serving as a climate change adaptation strategy. Among these, Black Soldier Fly Larvae (BSFL) frass has emerged as a promising organic alternative, offering a more affordable and environmentally friendly option than conventional fertilizers. However, its adoption remains uncertain, particularly among smallholder farmers in developing countries. This study assessed the market potential for BSFL frass in Malawi, where over 80% of farmers are smallholders. Using a mixed-methods approach, the research evaluated farmers' knowledge, acceptance, and willingness to pay (WTP) for BSFL frass. A double-bounded dichotomous choice model was used to elicit WTP, while the Market Driven Approach (MDA) quantified potential market demand. Findings revealed a considerable knowledge gap, yet strong willingness to adopt BSFL frass if priced affordably. On average, farmers were willing to pay 0.51 USD per kilogram, which is lower than the prevailing chemical fertilizer price of approximately 0.95 USD per kilogram. MDA analysis indicated significant market potential, with agro-dealers expressing unanimous willingness to stock BSFL frass given sufficient demand. The estimated market value stood at 474,587 USD per month for potential chemical fertilizer substitutes, and 11,993 USD for organic alternatives. The study recommends strengthening supply systems and raising farmer awareness, with government support in quality assurance and education critical for widespread adoption.