Development and validation of a predictive model for pathological upgrading in colorectal polyps based on endoscopic forceps biopsy

This study developed and validated a risk prediction model for pathological upgrade of colorectal polyps based on five endoscopic factors, including rectal location, maximum tumor diameter (MTD) ≥ 30 mm, villous structure, erosion, and a red surface color. The model serves as a practical clinical tool that allows endoscopists to assess patient risk with high accuracy before treatment. By helping identify high-risk polyps that may need wider resection or closer follow-up, the model supports more personalized treatment decisions and may reduce both under-treatment and over-treatment. Its use is expected to improve individual patient management and enhance the effectiveness of colorectal cancer prevention.