Molecular Perspectives on the Association of Air Pollution Biomarkers with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Gestational Diabetes

Air pollution is increasingly recognized as a contributor to metabolic disorders, including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). The current review analyzes molecular mechanisms linking air pollution exposure to diabetes development, emphasizing the role of oxidative stress, and focusing on well-known biomarkers such as protein modifications, lipid peroxidation, DNA damage, and altered antioxidant capacity. Pollutants such as particulate matter (PM) and ozone induce oxidative stress and inflammation, disrupting insulin signaling and glucose homeostasis. Thus understanding these molecular pathways enhances our ability to identify at-risk populations and develop targeted interventions. This insight bridges environmental exposure and metabolic disease, underscoring urgent public health implications.