Incidence and Risk Factors for Progression from Pre-COPD to COPD: A Systematic Review and Meta‑analysis

This meta-analysis indicates a high incidence of progression from pre-COPD to COPD. Moreover, age, smoking history, NOCB, PRISm, and asthma were significantly associated with an increased risk of clinical progression in individuals with pre-COPD. Integrating these risk factors into clinical risk-stratification tools and follow-up strategies may help clinicians identify high-risk individuals with pre-COPD, facilitating enhanced surveillance, targeted smoking cessation interventions, optimized asthma management, and other preventive interventions to delay or prevent COPD onset.