Cumulative Error in Digital Workflows for Full-Arch Implant Rehabilitation: A Narrative Review

Despite the widespread adoption of digital technologies in modern implant dentistry, a comprehensive synthesis of error propagation across the entire workflow of full-arch implant rehabilitation remains absent. This narrative review aimed to synthesize current evidence on cumulative error propagation throughout the digital workflow of full-arch implant rehabilitation. Rather than focusing on isolated accuracy metrics, this article proposes a conceptual "Error Control Framework" to elucidate how minor deviations introduced at different workflow stages interact and amplify. A comprehensive literature search (2015-2025) was conducted to analyze error generation across five interrelated phases: Planning, Acquisition, Processing, Output, and Feedback. The evidence indicates that inaccuracies in full-arch implant rehabilitation behave as a cascading system (snowball effect) rather than isolated events. Errors introduced during early stages establish an irreversible baseline that is magnified during digital processing and manufacturing. Consequently, reactive verification at delivery alone is insufficient. To address this, this article proposes a proactive Error Control Framework that integrates a "Front-End Loading" strategy (necessitating strict upstream standardization of scanning strategies and scan-body geometry), alongside "Critical Control Points" (enforcing mandatory physical verification prior to final manufacturing). Viewing digital full-arch rehabilitation as a cumulative error system allows clinicians to implement preventive strategies and verification checkpoints, improving passive fit and long-term mechanical and biological outcomes.