Ecological Knowledge Systems and Environmental Sustainability

Abstract Ecological Knowledge Systems (EKS), encompassing Indigenous and Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK), constitute dynamic, place‑specific bodies of understanding generated through sustained interactions between human societies and their surrounding environments. Distinct from exclusively technocratic or reductionist scientific approaches, EKS integrates empirical ecological observation with cultural values, ethical principles, social institutions, and adaptive management practices. In the context of intensifying global environmental challenges—such as climate change, biodiversity erosion, ecosystem fragmentation, and resource overexploitation—EKS provides critical insights for enhancing resilience, sustainability, and equity within socio‑ecological systems. This paper offers a comprehensive and critical analysis of the conceptual foundations, structural elements, and transmission pathways of Ecological Knowledge Systems. Drawing upon illustrative examples from forest stewardship, fisheries governance, agroecological practices, and traditional water management, the study demonstrates how locally embedded knowledge systems contribute to ecosystem conservation, climate adaptation, and sustainable livelihoods. Particular attention is given to participatory governance, knowledge co‑production, and ethical considerations related to Indigenous intellectual property and data sovereignty. The paper argues that respectful and systematic integration of EKS with contemporary scientific frameworks can significantly strengthen environmental policy, planning, and sustainability outcomes. Institutional recognition of Ecological Knowledge Systems is essential not only for ecological integrity but also for social justice, cultural continuity, and intergenerational responsibility.