Integrating multi-omics and network pharmacology: a novel approach to elucidate Chinese medicine mechanisms in Crohn’s disease treatment

Since the 19th-century industrial revolution, Crohn's disease (CD), a chronic inflammatory bowel condition, has gained increasing recognition in both medical and public spheres. This review aims to critically analyze the integration of multi-omics data-encompassing genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics-with network pharmacology to uncover the complex therapeutic mechanisms of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) interventions for CD. By examining multi-omics profiles from CD patients treated with specific TCM formulations or their active components, network pharmacology can effectively pinpoint key biological pathways and molecular targets influenced by TCM. These pathways include, but are not limited to, the regulation of gut microbiota composition, modulation of inflammatory cytokine networks (such as TNF-α and IL-17), and the restoration of intestinal mucosal integrity. This integrated methodology not only aids in identifying active constituents but also facilitates the prediction of synergistic effects and clarifies the molecular interactions within TCM. Consequently, it establishes a solid framework for rational drug discovery and the formulation of personalized therapeutic strategies for CD. The primary focus of this review will be to explore the mechanisms and therapeutic potential of TCM for CD through the lens of network pharmacology, emphasizing its application in addressing this complex condition.