Renewable Montmorillonite-Based Antibacterial Functionalization of Particleboards for Sustainable and Healthy Indoor Environments

Wood-based particleboards are a key component of sustainable building materials due to their renewable and low-carbon nature. However, their susceptibility to microbial contamination poses a significant challenge to indoor environmental quality and durability, limiting their alignment with the principles of a healthy and circular built environment. In this study, a sustainable antibacterial modification strategy was developed by employing natural montmorillonite (MMT) as a renewable mineral carrier to address the challenge. A synergistic antibacterial agent (Cu2+/ZnO@MMT-O) was engineered via ion exchange and co-precipitation, effectively immobilizing Cu2+ ions and ZnO nanoparticles within the MMT structure. This process preserved the layered structure of the carrier while simultaneously enhancing its specific surface area and mesoporosity. Antibacterial tests revealed that the Cu2+/ZnO@MMT-O exhibited markedly higher antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus than single-component counterparts, indicating a pronounced synergistic effect. At an additive loading of 1.25%, the particleboards exhibited antibacterial rates exceeding 99% against both tested bacteria, while their mechanical properties (MOR 10.65 MPa, MOE 2304.40 MPa, and IB 0.29 MPa) and dimensional stability (24 h TS 16.31%) compliant with national standards. Overall, this work presents a practical and sustainable approach to enhancing the hygienic performance of renewable wood composites through the integration of mineral carriers with synergistic nanoscale antibacterial mechanisms, thereby contributing to healthier indoor environments and the development of green and healthy residential materials.