Low yield of pathological lymph node metastasis among patients with invasive penile squamous cell carcinoma in the context of high HIV burden: evidence from a prospective cohort study in Zambia

The study demonstrates a modestly low yield of pathological inguinal lymph node metastasis in patients with clinically palpable nodes in the context of a high HIV burden. Minimally invasive biopsy techniques to assess nodal status should be explored in this setting to reduce the morbidity associated with surgical staging while accurately assessing nodal status.