How to understand: from the perspective of Marxism

Abstract Although Karl Marx did not construct a formal theory of understanding, his theoretical framework provides the foundation for rethinking understanding as a historically situated and practically engaged process. Debates surrounding the Chinese translations of Aufhebung illustrate the problem of awareness in the understanding of Marx’s works. This study argues that understanding is not merely a cognitive or textual activity, but one rooted in the evolving structures of social life. Through critical engagement with methods such as philology and Einfühlung, it is shown that genuine understanding can only emerge through active participation in transformative praxis. Accordingly, understanding should be regarded not only as a guide to praxis but as praxis itself.