The Four‐Square Step Test With and Without Dual Tasks Among Older Adults With and Without a Fall History: A Retrospective Cohort Study

The FSST with a cognitive DT showed the highest overall accuracy in distinguishing fallers, particularly among males. The FSST with a motor DT demonstrated better discriminative performance than the standard FSST in females, while both test conditions were equivalent in males. Identified cutoff scores were approximately 13 s for the cognitive dual task and 10 s for both the standard and motor dual task conditions. These findings support the potential clinical utility of incorporating cognitive or motor dual tasks into the FSST, particularly for sex-specific fall risk assessment in community-dwelling older adults.