Extending the SECI framework with implicit knowledge: insights from grey literature in residential construction

Purpose This study aims to examine how imbalances between tacit, explicit and implicit knowledge contribute to failures in residential construction. It further updates the socialisation, externalisation, combination, internalisation (SECI) model by explicitly incorporating implicit knowledge and by demonstrating how grey literature can be used as a source for diagnosis and organisational learning. Design/methodology/approach A qualitative case study was conducted using eight technical, legal and community documents, complemented by photographic evidence of a failed planter. Data were analysed through open, axial and selective coding and the findings were mapped against an extended SECI framework. Findings The analysis shows that tacit gaps, explicit gaps and implicit gaps combined to produce systemic failure. Community governance, third-party reports and the new Law 1/2025 helped turn these gaps into preventive measures. The case also shows how grey literature can uncover tacit and implicit aspects often overlooked in construction research. Originality/value The paper extends the SECI model by explicitly recognising implicit knowledge as a distinct dimension. It also highlights the methodological value of grey literature in construction management and presents a SECI-based roadmap that enables managers to anticipate risks, strengthen accountability and embed preventive practices in community and project governance.