A Review of Dynamic Power Allocation Strategies for Hybrid Power Supply Systems: From Ground-Based Microgrids to More Electric Aircraft

The evolution of Hybrid Power Supply Systems (HPSSs) has extended from ground-based microgrids to the safety-critical domain of More Electric Aircraft (MEA). This paper presents a comprehensive review of dynamic power allocation strategies, bridging the gap between mature ground-based control theories and the stringent operational requirements of aerospace systems. Strategies are systematically classified into centralized, decentralized, and distributed architectures based on control structures. Evaluations indicate that centralized strategies, while effective in microgrids, achieve global optimality but face reliability constraints in airborne environments. In contrast, decentralized strategies based on virtual impedance ensure the high reliability and “plug-and-play” modularity essential for avionics yet often yield suboptimal coordination. Consequently, distributed cooperative control is identified as the most promising paradigm to bridge this gap, synthesizing optimization with fault tolerance. Finally, critical challenges in adapting these technologies to aviation—spanning algorithmic determinism and airworthiness certification—are discussed, and future trends in hybrid intelligence and digital twin-based verification are outlined for next-generation airborne energy systems.