A survey of security in satellite Internet networks

In recent years, with the rapid advancement of communication technologies, satellite Internet has become a critical component of the global information infrastructure, demonstrating growing strategic value in military, civilian, economic, and emergency communication domains. However, inherent characteristics such as its open network architecture, highly dynamic satellite nodes, complex system composition, and cross-domain operations have posed significant security challenges and threats. This paper aims to provide a systematic survey of security in satellite Internet networks. Firstly, it outlines the global development landscape of satellite Internet and its strategic significance, emphasizing the importance of security issues. Secondly, it analyzes the architectural characteristics of satellite Internet and the fundamental security challenges. Thirdly, the paper provides a detailed introduction of the diverse threat landscape, complemented with several concrete instances. Fourthly, it summarizes corresponding security protection technologies and explores relevant policy and legal frameworks. Finally, future trends are discussed to provide valuable insights for research, industrial practice, and security governance in this field.