Topography and phenological effects on soil-leaf interactions and durian productivity

Durian (Durio zibethinus Murr.), renowned for its distinctive aroma and flavor, is a key agricultural commodity in Malaysia and ASEAN countries, accounting for 42.6% of Malaysia’s total fruit cultivation area. Despite its economic significance, the impact of topographical variations and phenological stages on durian growth and yield remains insufficiently studied. This research aims to bridge this gap by examining the influence of topography (flat vs. terraced land) and developmental stages on durian cultivation, focusing on soil and leaf properties and overall fruit yield. The study was conducted at Top Fruits Sdn. Bhd., Malaysia, from October 2022 to February 2023, using a randomized complete block design (RCBD). Results demonstrated significant interactions between topography and phenological stages under a two-factorial experimental design with ten replications. Weekly assessments of soil parameters (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, moisture, and pH) and leaf attributes (chlorophyll content, nitrogen concentration, moisture, and temperature) confirmed notable variations influenced by both factors, indicating their combined effect on durian growth performance. Trees cultivated on terraced slopes exhibited higher chlorophyll and nitrogen levels, likely due to improved water drainage, nutrient distribution, and reduced soil erosion, fostering better photosynthetic activity. In contrast, durians grown on flat terrain demonstrated stable root development and higher soil moisture retention, contributing to sustained growth. Significant correlations (p < 0.05) were observed between phenological stages, leaf moisture, and soil properties across different topographical conditions. These findings highlight the crucial role of site-specific nutrient and water management in optimizing durian cultivation. Understanding the interactions between environmental factors and durian physiology offers valuable insights for precision agriculture, ensuring sustainable yield improvement and long-term orchard productivity.