Caregiving activities causing occupational low back pain in Japanese social welfare facilities and hospitals

Caregiving activities involving transfer assistance, such as bathing, toileting, and eating, were common risk factors in social welfare facilities and hospitals. However, the specific nontransfer assistance activities contributing to occupational LBP varied by facility. To effectively reduce the incidence of occupational LBP, prevention strategies should focus on these high-risk activities according to facility type and the types of caregiving required.