Data-driven analysis of Armeo Spring performance across neurological disorders: implications for personalized upper limb neurorehabilitation

Disease-specific recovery profiles suggest that proximal, multi-joint VR exercises, such as Roll the Ball and Fly High (Elbow), may be particularly effective for patients with multiple sclerosis and ischemic stroke, whereas other exercises show smaller or non-significant improvements. These findings support tailoring VR-based rehabilitation to the patient's neurological condition, enabling targeted, condition-specific exercise selection and progression, which may enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of upper-limb recovery.