Broad Epigenetic Shifts in the Aging <i>Drosophila</i> Retina Contribute to Its Altered Diurnal Rhythmic Transcriptome

Alterations in biological rhythms are a common feature of aging, and disruption of circadian rhythms can exacerbate age-associated pathologies. The retina is critical for detecting light for both vision and for transmitting time-of-day information to the brain, synchronizing rhythms throughout the body. Disruption of circadian rhythms by manipulating the molecular clock leads to premature retinal degeneration in flies and mice, and gene expression rhythms are altered in models of age-associated ocular disease. Despite this, it is unknown how or why the gene expression rhythms of the retina change with age. Here, we show that ~70% of the Drosophila transcriptome is rhythmically expressed throughout the diurnal cycle, with ~40% of genes showing altered rhythms with age. These transcriptome-wide changes in aging photoreceptors are accompanied by shifts in the rhythmic patterns of RNA Polymerase II (Pol II) occupancy, histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4) methylation, and chromatin accessibility, without major changes in the occupancy of the circadian clock transcription factors Clock (Clk) and Cycle (Cyc). Instead, aging decreases genome-wide levels of several different histone methyl marks including H3K4 methylation, whose relative levels across the day correlate with the phase of rhythmic gene expression. Moreover, reduction of H3K4me3 by the knockdown of the three methyltransferases in young photoreceptors results in massive changes to rhythmic gene expression under diurnal light conditions. We conclude that there are broad epigenetic shifts in the aging retina that correlate with and may contribute to widespread alterations in rhythmic gene expression.