Trends and inequities in peptic ulcer mortality across the United States, 1999–2023

PUD mortality declined over a 25-year period but plateaued or increased in selected strata in the late 2010s and during the pandemic. Findings support sustained H. pylori control, evidence-based gastroprotection for high-risk medication users, and timely endoscopy-especially for older adults, men, rural residents, and regions with a high burden. Continuous surveillance should monitor post-pandemic rebound risks and equity in access.