Cigarette smoking exposure and clinical outcomes in Graves' disease
Smoking is associated with greater autoimmune activity, higher orbitopathy risk, and increased relapse in a dose-dependent manner. Ex-smokers have risks comparable with non-smokers, supporting cessation or reduction as a meaningful intervention to improve GD outcomes.
Authors
- Nicholas Vennart
- Vasileios Tsatlidis (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9413-5130)
- Jonathan Vernazza (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2528-3521)
- Kathryn Stewart
- Su Ann Tee (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7893-7352)
- Salman Razvi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9047-1556)
- May Loo
- Kilimangalam Narayanan
- Sarah Forbes
- Peter Bartholomew
- Lauren Carroll
Institutions
- Centre for Life (GB)
- Gateshead Health NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- South Tyneside and Sunderland NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
Publication Details
- Journal
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
- Published
- 2026-02-11
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgag061
- Primary Topic
- Thyroid Disorders and Treatments
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 0.00