Multi-tyrosine kinase inhibitors: exploring immunomodulatory effects on various immune cell types in cancer

Abstract TKIs, or tyrosine kinase inhibitors, are pharmaceutical agents used in cancer treatment because they can block or inhibit enzymes called tyrosine kinases. These enzymes are essential in regulating cell processes such as growth, differentiation, metabolism, and survival. Multi-TKIs target several tyrosine kinases at once, improving therapeutic outcomes while affecting multiple signaling pathways simultaneously. However, a major challenge with multi-TKIs is that they often impact normal cells that rely on the same pathways, creating a need to balance treatment effectiveness with manageable side effects. TKIs play a crucial role in immune system regulation by modifying cell activation and development, either enhancing or suppressing immune responses. They can influence various cells in both innate and adaptive immunity and act on immunological checkpoints that control T cell activity. Additionally, TKIs can be part of resistance mechanisms, requiring careful understanding of their effects. Gaining insight into how TKIs interact with the immune system enhances patient care and improves medication efficacy.