Enhanced electrochemical detection of hemoglobin in chronic kidney disease (CKD) anemic patients' serum by Ni2Co(WO4)2 enriched copper nanocomposite

Anemia is associated with impaired hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations, resulting from the kidneys not producing enough erythropoietin, which leads to a decrease in red blood cells. Hemoglobin (Hb) detection is thus vital for diagnosing anemia, preventing complications, monitoring treatment efficacy, improving quality of life, and reducing morbidity rates. An electrochemical sensor based on the nickel‑cobalt bis tungstate-Cu (Ni 2 Co(WO 4 ) 2 -Cu) nanocomposite is developed using the self-combustion method to detect Hb in the blood of anemic patients. The fabricated nanocomposite is characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Sensing parameters, including scan rate, pH, concentration, and interference, are evaluated. The linearity and detection limits for Ni 2 Co(WO 4 ) 2 -Cu coated onto a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) are 10–70 μM and 0.2 μM, respectively. The Hb recovery from real samples is 80–89%. The sensor stability is evaluated by 100 Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) cycles. Ni 2 Co(WO 4 ) 2 -Cu/GCE measures hemoglobin (Hb) levels in the blood of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Pearson and Spearman correlation tests examine the relationship between Hb and the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). This analysis reveals that Hb levels are linked to eGFR in CKD. Hb and eGFR levels in blood can thus be used as predictive biomarkers of CKD before the development of end-stage renal failure. Ni 2 Co(WO 4 ) 2 -Cu/GCE electrochemical sensor can be used in point-of-care devices and has potential applications in clinical diagnosis. • Ni 2 Co(WO 4 ) 2 -Cu nanocomposite is developed by the self-combustion method. • The designed sensor is applied to sense Hb in CKD patients' blood. • The sensor shows linearity and detection limit of 70 μM and 0.2 μM, respectively. • This sensing results reveals that Hb levels are linked to eGFR in CKD.