Role of Caveolae and Caveolin in Vascular Physiology and Pathology

Caveolae, 50-100 nm cholesterol-rich plasma membrane invaginations, serve as critical signaling hubs in vascular cells. These structures-scaffolded by caveolin proteins (CAV1, CAV2, CAV3) and regulated by Cavins-orchestrate membrane dynamics, mechanotransduction, and lipid trafficking in endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and macrophages. In vascular physiology, caveolae modulate vascular tone, regulate lipoprotein metabolism, and mediate mechanosensation. In pathology, caveolae are implicated in atherosclerosis, pulmonary hypertension, and diabetic vasculopathy. This review synthesizes advances in caveolae biology, highlighting their roles in vascular homeostasis and disease. We propose caveolae-targeted therapies as promising strategies for cardiovascular disorders, contingent on resolving context-dependent signaling complexity.