A Refinement of the Sylvester Problem: Probabilities of Combinatorial Types

Abstract Let $$X_1,\ldots , X_{d+2}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>X</mml:mi> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mo>…</mml:mo> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>X</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>d</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> be random points in $$\mathbb {R}^d$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>R</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mi>d</mml:mi> </mml:msup> </mml:math> . The classical Sylvester problem asks to determine the probability that the convex hull of these points, denoted by $$P:= [X_1,\ldots , X_{d+2}]$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>P</mml:mi> <mml:mo>:</mml:mo> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mo>[</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>X</mml:mi> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mo>…</mml:mo> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>X</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>d</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>]</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , is a simplex. In the present paper, we study a refined version of this problem which asks to determine the probability that P has a given combinatorial type. It is known that there are $$\lfloor d/2\rfloor +1$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>⌊</mml:mo> <mml:mi>d</mml:mi> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> <mml:mo>⌋</mml:mo> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> possible combinatorial types of simplicial d -dimensional polytopes with at most $$d+2$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>d</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> vertices. These types are denoted by $$T_0^d, T_1^d, \ldots , T_{\lfloor d/2 \rfloor }^d$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mi>T</mml:mi> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> <mml:mi>d</mml:mi> </mml:msubsup> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mi>T</mml:mi> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mi>d</mml:mi> </mml:msubsup> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mo>…</mml:mo> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mi>T</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>⌊</mml:mo> <mml:mi>d</mml:mi> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> <mml:mo>⌋</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mi>d</mml:mi> </mml:msubsup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , where $$T_0^d$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mi>T</mml:mi> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> <mml:mi>d</mml:mi> </mml:msubsup> </mml:math> is a simplex with $$d+1$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>d</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> vertices, while the remaining types have exactly $$d+2$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>d</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> vertices. Our aim is thus to compute the probability $$ p_{d,m} := \mathbb {P}[P \text { is of type } T_{m}^d], \qquad m\in \{0,1,\ldots , \lfloor d/2 \rfloor \}. $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>d</mml:mi> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi>m</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>:</mml:mo> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mi>P</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>[</mml:mo> <mml:mi>P</mml:mi> <mml:mspace/> <mml:mtext>is of type</mml:mtext> <mml:mspace/> <mml:msubsup>

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Journal
Discrete & Computational Geometry
Published
2026-02-12
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00454-026-00820-2
Primary Topic
Mathematical Approximation and Integration
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article
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article

A Refinement of the Sylvester Problem: Probabilities of Combinatorial Types

Zakhar Kabluchko, Hugo Panzo
Discrete & Computational Geometry
Mathematical Approximation and Integration
article

A Refinement of the Sylvester Problem: Probabilities of Combinatorial Types

Zakhar Kabluchko, Hugo Panzo
article en

Abstract

Abstract Let $$X_1,\ldots , X_{d+2}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>X</mml:mi> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mo>…</mml:mo> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>X</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>d</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> be random points in $$\mathbb {R}^d$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>R</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mi>d</mml:mi> </mml:msup> </mml:math> . The classical Sylvester problem asks to determine the probability that the convex hull of these points, denoted by $$P:= [X_1,\ldots , X_{d+2}]$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>P</mml:mi> <mml:mo>:</mml:mo> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mo>[</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>X</mml:mi> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mo>…</mml:mo> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>X</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>d</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>]</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , is a simplex. In the present paper, we study a refined version of this problem which asks to determine the probability that P has a given combinatorial type. It is known that there are $$\lfloor d/2\rfloor +1$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>⌊</mml:mo> <mml:mi>d</mml:mi> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> <mml:mo>⌋</mml:mo> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> possible combinatorial types of simplicial d -dimensional polytopes with at most $$d+2$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>d</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> vertices. These types are denoted by $$T_0^d, T_1^d, \ldots , T_{\lfloor d/2 \rfloor }^d$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mi>T</mml:mi> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> <mml:mi>d</mml:mi> </mml:msubsup> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mi>T</mml:mi> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mi>d</mml:mi> </mml:msubsup> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mo>…</mml:mo> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mi>T</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>⌊</mml:mo> <mml:mi>d</mml:mi> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> <mml:mo>⌋</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mi>d</mml:mi> </mml:msubsup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , where $$T_0^d$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mi>T</mml:mi> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> <mml:mi>d</mml:mi> </mml:msubsup> </mml:math> is a simplex with $$d+1$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>d</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> vertices, while the remaining types have exactly $$d+2$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>d</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> vertices. Our aim is thus to compute the probability $$ p_{d,m} := \mathbb {P}[P \text { is of type } T_{m}^d], \qquad m\in \{0,1,\ldots , \lfloor d/2 \rfloor \}. $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>d</mml:mi> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi>m</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>:</mml:mo> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mi>P</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>[</mml:mo> <mml:mi>P</mml:mi> <mml:mspace/> <mml:mtext>is of type</mml:mtext> <mml:mspace/> <mml:msubsup>

Discrete & Computational Geometry
University of Münster (DE), Saint Louis University (US)
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
Openalex Percentile: Top 55%
Mathematical Approximation and Integration
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