Migrasomes: a journey from biogenesis to multifaceted roles in health and disease

Migrasomes are newly identified extracellular organelles that form on the retraction fibers of migrating cells. Characterized by their pomegranate-like, membrane-bound structure, they encapsulate diverse molecular cargo, including proteins, lipids, RNA, and even damaged mitochondria. The biogenesis of migrasomes is a highly regulated, multi-stage process that depends on cell migration and requires an interplay between specific molecules and membrane mechanical stresses. Functionally, migrasomes play pivotal roles in intercellular communication by mediating the spatial transfer of signals and components. This review provides an overview of migrasome biology, covering their biogenesis mechanisms, distinctions from other types of vesicles, and their dual roles in physiology and pathology. Furthermore, we discuss the potential of migrasomes in disease diagnosis and therapeutic applications.