Therapeutic Efficacy of Floating Electrode–Dielectric Barrier Discharge Plasma in Experimental Periodontitis: A Pilot Study

Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by dysbiotic biofilms and host-mediated destruction of periodontal tissues. This study evaluated the efficacy of a novel needle-shaped floating electrode-dielectric barrier discharge (FE-DBD) plasma probe in treating experimental periodontitis. Using a split-mouth design in a rat model of ligature-induced periodontitis, subgingival microbiome changes were analyzed via 16S rRNA sequencing, while gene expression of inflammatory mediators and osteoclastogenic factors was quantified by qRT-PCR. Histopathological evaluation and osteoclast activity were assessed through H&E and TRAP staining, respectively. FE-DBD treatment significantly shifted the subgingival microbiome by reducing pathobionts such as <i>Bacteroidota</i> and <i>Fusobacteriota</i> and increasing health-associated taxa including <i>Proteobacteria</i> and <i>Actinobacteriota</i>. The therapy also exerted immunomodulatory effects by suppressing pro-inflammatory genes (TNF-α, ICAM-1, CCL2) and elevating anti-inflammatory IL-10 expression. Moreover, FE-DBD favorably modulated bone remodeling by downregulating RANK and RANKL, upregulating OPG, and raising the OPG/RANKL ratio 3.72-fold, accompanied by reduced inflammatory infiltration and osteoclast numbers. These findings demonstrate that FE-DBD plasma effectively ameliorates periodontitis by simultaneously targeting pathogenic biofilms, host inflammation, and osteoclastogenesis, highlighting its potential as a multifaceted adjunctive therapy for periodontal disease.