First Comprehensive Analysis of Different Parts Used of <i>Kaempferia parviflora</i> From Vietnam's Central Highlands: Green Extraction, Phytochemistry, and Diverse Medical Potential

This study evaluated the chemical composition and biological activities of leaves, stems, and rhizomes of Kaempferia parviflora. Leaves exhibited the highest polyphenol and flavonoid contents, followed by rhizomes and stems. All extracts showed antioxidant, α-glucosidase, and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities with similar trends, highlighting the therapeutic potential of the leaves. In contrast, the rhizomes demonstrated stronger tyrosinase inhibitory activity. This is the first study to analyze the chemical constituents and bioactivities of individual plant parts of K. parviflora collected from the Central Highlands of Vietnam. UHPLC-UV and GC-MS analyses identified 36 compounds with distinct distribution. Leaves were rich in rutin, salicylic acid, and chlorogenic acid, whereas rhizomes contained high levels of 5,7-dimethoxyflavone. Correlation analysis revealed that biological activities were positively associated with phenolic and flavonoid content and several key compounds. These findings confirm the pharmacological potential of the leaves as a sustainable source of bioactive ingredients for medicinal and functional food applications.