Integration of other effective area-based conservation measures (OECMs) into community-based conservation and spatial planning in Indonesia

Effective conservation of natural resources demands adaptive and inclusive strategies that balance ecological integrity and local socioeconomic needs. This study integrated Other Effective Area-Based Conservation Measures (OECMs) into community-based frameworks and spatial planning in Indonesia. It assesses how OECMs complement marine protected areas, enabling sustainable governance without regulatory conflicts, via regulatory reviews and case studies of aligned community initiatives.Findings reveal OECMs' potential to bolster conservation landscapes through subnational spatial planning. Although not explicitly recognized, OECMs fit within categories such as Coastal and Marine Ecosystem Priority Zones (PELP), alongside coastal buffers, mitigation, and spawning areas. Emphasizing the roles of local communities and Indigenous Peoples, this approach enhances OECM effectiveness, biodiversity protection, customary marine tenure, and long-term socioeconomic benefits for equitable, resilient coastal governance.