Correlation Between Injected Volume and Cranial Spread in Broad-Aged Pediatric Caudal Anesthesia: A Retrospective Ultrasound-Guided Study

In pediatric caudal anesthesia, a dosing formula that uses both weight and height improves prediction of the volume required for S1-level blocks, whereas a weight-based formula is adequate for L2-level spread. Real-time ultrasound guidance enhances procedural accuracy and safety by confirming epidural spread and detecting anatomical variation. These data support development of an individualized dosing nomogram for pediatric caudal anesthesia.