The Electric Vehicle Transition in Emerging Economies

The global shift toward electric mobility represents a cornerstone of sustainable energy transitions; however, developing countries face distinct structural, economic, and infrastructural challenges that constrain their participation in this transformation. This paper examines the conditions, policy frameworks, and infrastructural requirements necessary for a successful electric vehicle (EV) transition in developing countries, with particular attention to the interplay between energy access, transportation policy, and grid readiness. Using a mixed-methods approach that integrates policy analysis, partial life-cycle assessment (LCA) with the second-hand market, and case studies across sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, the study evaluates the implications of limited electricity access, unreliable power grids, and the dominance of informal transport systems on EV adoption. The findings reveal that, while EVs offer significant potential for reducing emissions and improving urban air quality, their deployment depends critically on coordinated investments in renewable-based electricity generation, charging infrastructure, and supportive regulatory frameworks. Policy strategies such as fiscal incentives, public–private partnerships, and decentralized charging networks can accelerate uptake when aligned with energy-access goals. The paper argues that the EV transition in developing economies must be policy-driven and context-adapted, integrating mobility electrification with broader agendas of energy justice, rural electrification, and industrial development. Ultimately, the research provides a roadmap for aligning electric mobility policies with sustainable infrastructure development to ensure that the global EV revolution becomes both inclusive and equitable.