The UBC/SIRT5/DRP1 axis regulates mitochondrial dynamics to alleviate Staphylococcus aureus-induced oxidative stress and senescence in bovine mammary epithelial cells

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus)-driven senescence of bovine mammary epithelial cells is a key determinant of mammary gland health, yet its molecular basis remains poorly defined. Sirtuin 5 (SIRT5), a mitochondria-localized desuccinylase, may play an important regulatory role in this process. This study aimed to elucidate the mechanisms by which S. aureus drives cellular senescence and to define the contribution of the SIRT5-mitochondrial axis to delaying senescence. We found pronounced oxidative stress and cellular senescence in mammary tissues from cows with S. aureus mastitis, accompanied by marked downregulation of SIRT5. In an S. aureus-infected epithelial cell model, infection induced mitochondrial stress characterized by excessive mitochondrial fragmentation, loss of membrane potential, and increased mitochondrial superoxide, along with oxidative damage and cellular senescence. Mechanistically, S. aureus toxins and the toxin-induced inflammatory response cooperatively drove mitochondrial stress, which in turn increased intracellular bacterial burden and exacerbated cell death. During infection, SIRT5 protein abundance was significantly reduced. Mass spectrometry and co-immunoprecipitation analyses indicated that infection upregulated the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme ubiquitin C (UBC), enhanced its interaction with SIRT5, and promoted ubiquitin-mediated degradation of SIRT5. Loss of SIRT5 increased succinylation of dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1), inhibited its ubiquitin-mediated degradation, and led to its excessive accumulation on the outer mitochondrial membrane, thereby promoting excessive mitochondrial fission. Functionally, SIRT5 overexpression markedly alleviated mitochondrial stress, oxidative damage, and senescence phenotypes. When mitochondrial fission was forcibly enhanced, the cytoprotective effect of SIRT5 was substantially weakened, confirming that SIRT5 acts through a pathway dependent on mitochondrial integrity. Collectively, S. aureus infection releases toxins and induces inflammatory injury, during which UBC-mediated SIRT5 degradation activates DRP1-dependent mitochondrial hyper-fragmentation, aggravating mitochondrial stress, oxidative stress, and mammary epithelial cell senescence. These findings identify SIRT5 as a critical regulator of redox and mitochondrial homeostasis in mammary epithelial cells and a potential therapeutic target for mitigating oxidative damage associated with bovine mastitis.