Adoption Dynamics and Economic Benefits of Drought‐Resistant Crops Among Smallholder Farmers in Degraded Ecosystems

ABSTRACT Climate change threatens global food security significantly, especially in agriculture where drought poses a major challenge. This study examines adoption dynamics and economic benefits of drought‐resistant crops among smallholder farmers in China's degraded, highly vulnerable ecosystems. The objective is to analyze adoption determinants and assess impacts on crop yields and agricultural income, while evaluating government policies' role in facilitating adoption. We hypothesize that policy support, education, and farm characteristics positively influence adoption, while adoption improves economic outcomes. The purpose is to inform policy for sustainable agriculture in drought‐prone areas. Using data from China Household Income Project surveys (2002, 2007, 2013) and regional agricultural statistics, we apply econometric models, including probit for adoption determinants and fixed effects for economic benefits. Results indicate adoption rates rose from 20% in 2002 to 76.3% in 2013, driven by policy support, education, farm size, and household income, while age negatively affects adoption. Adoption boosts crop yields by 0.3 tons per hectare and agricultural income by 437 yuan, with larger benefits in degraded ecosystems. These findings underscore targeted policies' importance in promoting climate‐smart agriculture and building resilience in vulnerable regions. The study concludes that government support, including extension services and subsidies, is essential for widespread adoption, advancing sustainable development and food security.