Molecular dynamics analyses of CLDN15 pore size and charge selectivity

Claudin-15 (CLDN15) molecules form channels that directly regulate cation and water transport. In the gastrointestinal tract, this transport indirectly impacts nutrient absorption. However, the mechanisms governing ion transport through these channels remain poorly understood. We addressed this question by building on our previous cell culture studies and an all-atom molecular dynamics simulation model of CLDN15. By mutating D55 to a bulkier glutamic acid or neutral amino acid asparagine, our in vitro measurements showed that the D55E mutation decreased charge selectivity and favored small ion permeability, while the D55N mutation led to reduced charge selectivity without markedly altering size selectivity. By establishing a simplified (reduced) CLDN15 molecular dynamics model that excludes nonessential transmembrane regions, we were able to probe how D55 modified cation dehydration, charge interaction, and permeability. These results provide novel insight into organization of the CLDN15 selectivity filter and suggest that D55 plays a dual role in shaping both electrostatic and steric properties of the pore, but its electrostatic role is more prominent in determining CLDN15 cation permeability. This knowledge can be used toward the development of effective strategies to modulate CLDN15 function. The experimental approach established can be further extended to study the function of other claudin channels. Together, these advancements will help us to modulate tight junctions to promote human health.