Genetic Evaluation of Reproductive Traits of Ethiopian Sheep Breeds Under Community-Based Breeding Programmes

The evaluation of breeding schemes against established objectives and selection traits is essential for assessing the performance, outputs, and overall impacts of breeding programmes. In Ethiopia, most Community-Based Breeding Programmes (CBBPs) have prioritised growth traits, particularly live weight, as the main selection criteria. However, since productivity relies on both reproductive and growth traits, it is critical to evaluate how these traits are evolving to make necessary adjustments in management practices and breeding schemes. This study considered five indigenous sheep breeds (Menz, Semein, Horro, Bonga and Doyogena), managed under CBBPs since 2009. Fixed effects for reproductive traits were estimated using the GLM procedures of SAS 9.4. Genetic parameters were estimated for all traits using the restricted maximum likelihood (REML) method with WOMBAT software, employing a multivariate repeated model, except for age at first lambing (AFL), which was analysed using a non-repeated multivariate model. Significant effects (p < 0.001) were observed for year of birth, breed of ewe, parity and birth season across all traits in the breeds studied. A general trend of improvement in litter size at birth (LSB), total litter weight at birth (TLWB), litter size at weaning (LSW), total litter weight at weaning (TLWW) and annual reproductive rate (ARR) was noted with increasing ewe parity until the seventh parity, followed by a decline thereafter. Direct heritability estimates for the traits according to the ewe breeds ranged from 0.03 to 0.25 for LSB, 0.02 to 0.16 for LSW, 0.08 to 0.21 for TLWB, 0.07 to 0.22 for TLWW, 0.03 to 0.19 for LI, 0.08 to 0.32 for ARR and 0.15 to 0.36 for AFL. Estimates of direct heritability and repeatability varied by breed and location, generally falling within small to medium ranges. Moderate to high genetic correlations were found between TLWW and other traits suggesting that selection for TLWW may significantly influence reproductive performances across most sheep breeds, with the exception of Menz sheep. The variations in genetic estimates across different breeds and locations indicate that genetic influences may vary depending on the specific context. Moderate to high genetic correlations between TLWW and other reproductive traits suggest that prioritising selection for TLWW could have a significant positive impact on reproductive performance across most sheep breeds, though the Menz breed may not exhibit the same expected benefits. These findings emphasise the need to integrate genetic selection with effective management practices tailored to each breed's specific needs, recommending the culling of unproductive ewes after the seventh parity to enhance the sustainability and productivity of CBBPs in Ethiopia.