Photobiomodulation therapy inhibits ISO-induced myocardial remodeling in mice through modulating TGF-β/Smad7 and PI3K/AKT pathways

Our findings demonstrate that PBM therapy effectively targets two pivotal pathways to mitigate ISO-induced ventricular remodeling: (1) upregulating Smad7 to constrain TGF-β-driven cardiac fibrosis, and (2) suppressing PI3K/AKT/CREB phosphorylation to mitigate maladaptive remodeling. This dual-pathway regulatory mechanism is the basis for PBM's efficacy in alleviating HF. Therefore, PBM represents a mechanistically based and promising non-pharmacological strategy against pathological cardiac remodeling.