Intraoperative evaluation of detrusor muscle during transurethral resection of bladder tumour using confocal fluorescent microscopy

Confocal fluorescence microscopy represents a feasible and promising adjunct for real-time intraoperative assessment of TURBT specimen adequacy and resection quality. Although expert pathology readers demonstrated superior diagnostic performance, acceptable accuracy can also be achieved by urology trainees with necessary training and additional experience. Nevertheless, larger, multi-institutional studies remain required to validate these findings and to further define the safe implementation of CFM in contemporary diagnosis and surgical management of bladder cancer.