Multiple Species of Protostrongylid Nematodes Occur in White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) across the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, USA

Isolation of protostrongylid larvae from white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) from northern Minnesota (n=60), Wisconsin (n=19), and Michigan (n=38), USA, and confirmation of species identities via DNA sequencing, revealed Parelaphostrongylus tenuis, Parelaphostrongylus andersoni, Varestrongylus cf. alpenae and five unidentified genetic lineages. This has implications for moose (Alces alces) conservation.