Nucleoplasmic ZNF467 condensates boost hematopoietic stem cell engraftment via ICAM1-mediated mechanical reprogramming

Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation is a life-saving therapy for immune deficiencies and hematologic malignancies, but its efficacy is limited by poor engraftment. Therapeutic enhancement of HSC grafts requires deeper insight into the intrinsic determinants of their regenerative capacity. Here, we identify mechanical robustness as a critical feature distinguishing human HSCs from multipotent progenitors (MPPs). Through integrative biomechanical and transcriptomic profiling, we show that ZNF467 is a key regulator of HSC mechanical integrity. Loss of ZNF467 disrupts HSC mechanical fitness and abolishes long-term engraftment. Conversely, an engineered phase-separating ZNF467 variant enhanced mechanical strength and engraftment by activating a mechanoresponsive transcriptional program, including upregulation of ICAM1. ICAM1+ HSPCs exhibit superior biomechanical properties and improved engraftment efficiency. Furthermore, phase separation activity of nucleoplasmic ZNF467 (npZNF467) is crucial for its mechanical reprogramming function, and ectopic npZNF467 expression enhances the engraftment capacity of MPPs. Our findings establish biomechanical regulation as an important determinant of stem cell identity and reveal new strategies for engineering stem cells with enhanced regenerative capacity.