Clinical Practice Guidelines on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Halitosis
With growing awareness of oral health and rising social expectations, the management of halitosis has attracted increasing attention, as fresh breath is essential for social etiquette and personal image. Due to the diverse origins and varying clinical manifestations of halitosis, treatment approaches differ significantly. Recent advancements have facilitated the development of more refined diagnostic tools and therapeutic methods. Based on current clinical evidence and practice, a consensus framework has been established to guide the management of halitosis. This consensus systematically outlines the prevalence and classification of halitosis, reviews its aetiology and pathogenesis, and details evidence-based diagnostic methods. Notably, it proposes tailored treatment strategies aligned with specific etiological factors. The goal is to promote the standardization, precision, and optimization of halitosis diagnosis and treatment in clinical practice.
Authors
- Caiqing Qiu
- Yaping Pan
- Xuedong Zhou (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9319-7302)
- Zhongchen Song
- Aimei Song
- Liangjun Zhong (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6225-4784)
- Qiang Feng
- Yufeng Xie (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3187-2044)
- Xiaodi Shang
- Jinlong Shao
- An Li (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2180-7916)
- Guangxun Zhu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8705-2908)
- K.H. Pan
- Guanghui Ren
- Zhengguo Cao
- Qingxian Luan
- Beimin Tian
- Shulai Lu
- Lijun Luo
- Baojin Ma
- Hongrui Liu
- Jing Deng
- Xiaojun Li
- Yang Yu
- Fuhua Yan
- Faming Chen
- Wenyan Kang
- Ling Li
- Li Lin
- Min Liu
- Chengfei Zhang
- Chunxu Lv
- Jiang Sun
- Jin E. Zhang
- Hui Wang
- Xian Peng
- Changqing Yuan
- Xue Li
- Zuomin Wang
- Zhen Wang
- Jianhua Li
- Dandan Ma
- Qiang Chen
- Shaohua Ge
- Danyang Wang
- Rui Zhang
- Xiaojing Wang
- Yue Chen
- Song Ge
- Peihui Ding
- Mi Du
- Hongguang Zhu
- Yan Xu
- Ye Liang
- Xinxiao Chen
- Tian Tian
- Jiang Lin
- Ang Li
- Xiaochun Wang
- Lei Zhao
- Chuanjiang Zhao
- Feng Chen
- Kai Luo
- Yao Sun
- Gang Ding
- Xiuyun Ren
- Yi Liu
- Bin Chen
- Juan Xia
- Shulan Xu
- Hongmei Guo
Institutions
- Qingdao University (CN)
- Tongji University (CN)
- Weifang Medical University (CN)
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (CN)
- Beijing Tongren Hospital (CN)
- Fujian Medical University (CN)
- Binzhou Medical University (CN)
- Shandong University of Aeronautics (CN)
- Shandong University (CN)
- Sun Yat-sen University (CN)
- Shanxi Medical University (CN)
- Zunyi Medical University (CN)
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University (CN)
- Capital Medical University (CN)
- Jilin University (CN)
- Anhui Medical University (CN)
- Peking University (CN)
- Sichuan University (CN)
- Wuhan University (CN)
- West China Hospital of Sichuan University (CN)
- Guangdong Province Stomatological Hospital (CN)
- Shanghai Stomatological Hospital (CN)
- Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital (CN)
- Linyi People's Hospital (CN)
- Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University (CN)
- Weifang People's Hospital (CN)
- Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University (CN)
- Qingdao Municipal Hospital (CN)
- National Clinical Research (US)
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University (CN)
- Stomatology Hospital (CN)
- Jinan Stomatological Hospital (CN)
- Tongji Hospital (CN)
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology (CN)
- Southern Medical University (CN)
- Zhejiang University (CN)
- Nanjing Medical University (CN)
- Xi'an Jiaotong University (CN)
- Chongqing Medical University (CN)
- Nanjing University (CN)
- University of Hong Kong (HK)
- China Medical University (CN)
- Air Force Medical University (CN)
Publication Details
- Journal
- International Dental Journal
- Published
- 2026-02-11
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1016/j.identj.2026.109436
- Primary Topic
- Oral microbiology and periodontitis research
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 0.00