Development of E-Modules Based on PjBL-STEAM and Virtual Simulation Media on Work and Energy Topic as an Effort to Improve Students’ Critical Thinking Skills

Work and energy are fundamental topics in physics. However, enhancing students’ critical thinking skills in these areas remains a challenge. This research aimed to develop and assess the validity and readability of e-modules designed with PjBL-STEAM and virtual simulation media to address this issue. The development process followed a 4D model, and the resulting e-modules were evaluated as strongly valid category. The validation tests yielded percentage scores of 91.6% for media, 89.3% for content, and 88.0% for lesson plans. Additionally, the readability test achieved a score of 84.6%, indicating a excellent level of comprehensibility. These findings suggest that the e-modules based on PjBL-STEAM with integrated virtual simulation media are well-suited for use in physics education, particularly for improving students’ critical thinking skills.