Genetics, Nutrition, and Other Management Practices on Dairy Cow Productivity and Sustainability

Genetics, nutrition, and management practices are all pivotal factors in the sustainability and productivity of the constantly changing dairy industry. Farmers are being increasingly pressured to match the growing market demand for dairy products as the human population increases. This literature review aims to examine the best strategies to optimize the productivity and sustainability of the dairy cow industry through improved genetics, nutrition, and management practices. The review delves into the complex methods by which the industry can maximize its output, alongside its longevity. Trends in breeding to improve milk productivity tend to feature traits from the same sires, which limits biodiversity and long-term sustainability. This highly selective breeding can also cause serious inbreeding complications. Potential solutions for the looming issue of inbreeding include genetic crossbreeding and cryopreservation to improve biodiversity without compromising milk yield. Additionally, the dairy cow industry has shifted focus to more nutritional diets that increase milk yield and enhance cow wellbeing by using corn silage, among other techniques. These new additives also limit greenhouse gases from cows, which contribute greatly to climate change through methane production. Other methods include implementing management practices, such as Precision Livestock Farming, to revolutionize efficiency in the industry. PLF systems in livestock farms apply technologies, such as sensors, cameras, and computer software, to monitor animal welfare and automate farming practices. Not only does PLF expedite productivity, but the new system also contributes to improving the industry’s sustainability. The demand for dairy continues to rise as the population expands. This study investigates how genetics, nutrition, and management practices can aid farmers in increasing productivity while maintaining sustainability.