Spatial-temporal evolution，trade-offs and synergy analysis of Ganzhou ecosystem services based on InVEST model

<bold>Objective</bold> To quantify the spatiotemporal response of ecosystem services to land use change in Ganzhou City and analyze their trade-off and synergy relationships，providing reference for optimizing the national land space，constructing an ecological security pattern，and achieving sustainable development in Ganzhou City. <bold>Method</bold> Based on remote sensing data in 2005，2015 and 2023，the InVEST model was used to evaluate the habitat quality，water yield，soil conservation，and carbon storage in Ganzhou City and hotspot analysis method was used to analyze changes in ecosystem services.Pearson correlation coefficient，trade-off synergy and contrastive analysis approach were used to the trade-off and synergy relationships among ecosystem services，and the reasons were analyzed from the perspective of land use change. <bold>Result</bold> （1）The land structure in Ganzhou City is dominated by forest land，accounting for over 74%.The construction land increased the most from 2005 to 2023，reaching 330.94 km² with a dynamic degree of 4.83%；From 2005 to 2015，59.68 km² of forest land was transferred to other types of land use annually；The cultivated land increased by 34.41 km² annually from 2015 to 2023.（2）From 2005 to 2023，the habitat quality，water production，soil conservation，and carbon storage in Ganzhou City have decreased by 0.000 2，3.170 7 mm，21.893 0 t/km² and 5.154 7 t/km² annually.There are differences in spatial distribution among the four ecosystem services.The area of hotspots in categories 1，2 and 3 accounts for about 90% of the total area.（3）The ecosystem services in Ganzhou City mainly had a synergy relationship，but also had little differences.The trade-offs and synergy relationships among ecosystem services in different time sections are the same，while those among ecosystem services in different time periods may not be the same.（4）The composition of ecosystem services in the same land use type is basically stable，while different land use changes have different impacts on ecosystem services.For example，the conversion between construction land and forest land has the greatest impact on carbon storage. <bold>Conclusion</bold> The land use change in Ganzhou City is the core driving factor for the evolution of the spatial pattern of ecosystem services，and the resulting trade-offs and synergies between services reflect the inherent tension between land development and ecological protection.To achieve regional sustainable development，it is necessary to go beyond the contradictory thinking of development and protection，taking the above laws as the scientific basis for spatial control，promoting the region towards high-quality development through optimizing the national spatial pattern.