A Network Analysis of Social and Leisure Activities, Resilience, and Mental Health: Differences by Adverse Childhood Experiences

Abstract This study investigated the network structure of various social and leisure activities, resilience, and mental health problems in a general adult sample from the Netherlands. Using a Gaussian Graphical Model, we conducted separate analyses for a range of activities in childhood and adulthood to explore timing effects. These activities were assessed in relation to internalizing and externalizing problems and two forms of resilience: psychological and social-ecological. We also compared the network structures between individuals with and without a history of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) to provide insight into how ACEs may influence associations between the aforementioned constructs. The sample included 613 adults (51.5% women, M age = 43.39), with 70.6% reporting a history of ACEs. In line with the broaden-and-build theory, recreational activities formed a highly interconnected network, with some activities becoming more important with time. Visiting family/friends emerged as a significant factor contributing to social-ecological resilience, while other activities played more indirect roles. Although both psychological and social-ecological resilience were linked to fewer internalizing problems, only social-ecological resilience was related to fewer externalizing problems. Social connections, particularly sustained interactions with family and/or friends across childhood and adulthood as well as participation in youth groups during adulthood, had a central position in the network. This underscores the vital role of social bonds in promoting mental well-being and aligns with theoretical and evolutionary perspectives on the fundamental importance of human social bonds. Finally, observed associations were strongest in those with ACEs, suggesting that early interventions may offer long-term benefits.